| Regular Interaction A (Course Structure & Instructor Presence) | Establish predictable communication, course organization, and instructor visibility | Structural isolation, confusion about expectations, hidden curriculum | Provides clear communication routines, pacing guidance, and instructor presence so students understand expectations and remain connected to the course |
| Regular Interaction B (Engagement Monitoring & Support) | Respond to patterns in student participation and engagement | Uneven help-seeking norms, academic social capital gaps, early disengagement | Instructor outreach ensures struggling or disengaged students receive support without needing to self-advocate |
| Substantive Interaction A (Live Instruction) | Deliver real-time instructor-led teaching and concept clarification | Uneven preparation and misunderstanding of complex concepts | Provides guided explanation, modeling, and opportunities for immediate clarification |
| Substantive Interaction B (Individualized Feedback) | Engage directly with student work through feedback and revision guidance | Unequal familiarity with academic expectations, skill development gaps | Helps students understand how to improve and develop academic skills through personalized guidance |
| Substantive Interaction C (Course-Level Instructional Response) | Address patterns in student understanding across the class | Collective misunderstandings and hidden academic norms | Clarifies expectations, reteaches challenging concepts, and makes academic practices more visible |
| Substantive Interaction D (Embedded Activity Facilitation) | Provide instruction within discussions or active learning activities | Participation imbalances and dominant communication styles | Encourages inclusive dialogue, validates diverse perspectives, and supports deeper engagement |